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Yenilenebilir Doğal Kaynaklar - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Bu kaynakların en büyük özellikleri, karbondioksit salınımını azaltarak çevrenin korunmasına yardımcı olmaları, ülkenin yerel kaynakları oldukları için enerjide dışa bağımlılığı azaltmaları, çevre kuruluşları ile kamuoyundan yaygın ve güçlü destek almalarıdır.
Akarsular, Dünya genelinde en çok kullanılan hidrolik kaynaklardır. Akarsulardan enerji iki farklı şekilde elde edilir. İlki, debisi çok yüksek ve yatağı geniş olan nehirler üzerine kurulan santrallerdir. Bu santrallerdeki türbinler akarsuyun akış gücüyle döner ve elektrik üretir. Amazon Nehri üzerine bu tip santraller kurulmuştur. Hidrolik gücün asıl kaynağı ise akarsular üzerine kurulan barajlardır. Yer şekillerinin baraj yapılmasına müsait olduğu alanlarda kurulan barajlar, hidroelektrik üretiminde tüm dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır (Fotoğraf 7.13).
2013 yılı verilerine göre elektrik üretiminde hidrolik kaynakları en fazla kullanan ülke Norveç’tir. Bu ülke elektrik üretiminin %95,2’sini hidrolik kaynaklarla sağlamaktadır. Venezuela, Peru, Yeni Zelanda, Avusturya ve Kanada gibi ülkelerde de elektrik üretiminin %50’den fazlası hidrolik kaynaklarla sağlanır. Bu ülkelerde hidrolik kaynakların yaygın olarak kullanılmasının nedenlerini ülkelerin fiziki özelliklerini de düşünerek arkadaşlarınızla tartışınız. Türkiye için de hidrolik kaynaklar oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemiz elektrik enerjisi üretiminin %22,8’i bu kaynaklarla sağlanmaktadır. Dünya genelinde en yaygın kullanılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olan hidrolik kaynakların, dünya elektrik üretimindeki payı 2013 yılı verilerine göre %16 civarındadır.
Hidrolik kaynakların kirlilik yaratmama, sulama ve taşkınları önlemede kullanılma gibi birçok ek avantajı vardır. Barajların en büyük dezavantajı ise doğal ortamda ekolojik dengeyi önemli ölçüde bozmasıdır.
Dünya genelinde hidrolik kaynakların ardından en yaygın kullanılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı rüzgârdır. Sürekli rüzgârların estiği alanlarda kule şeklinde inşa edilen rüzgâr türbinlerinden elektrik elde etmede Avrupa ülkeleri başı çekmektedir. Özellikle Danimarka ve Almanya bu konuda önde gelen ülkelerdendir. Hatta Danimarka, yıllık elektrik enerjisi üretiminin %43’ünü rüzgâr enerjisiyle sağlamaktadır (Fotoğraf 7.14). Dünya enerji üretiminde ilk iki sırada yer alan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Çin’de de rüzgâr enerjisine dayalı elektrik üretimi artmaktadır.
Rüzgâr türbinlerinin avantajlı yönleri çevre kirliliğine neden olmaması, temiz ve sürekli enerji sağlamalarıdır. Ancak çok gürültülü oldukları için yerleşim yerlerinin yakınlarına kurulmamaktadır.
Güneş, tüm Dünya’nın yaşam ve enerji kaynağıdır. Dünya’daki tüm canlı varlıklar ile iklim elemanları enerjilerini Güneş’ten alırlar. Güneş’ten Dünya’ya gelen enerji miktarı çok büyük boyutlardadır. Örneğin, Güneş’ten bir saniyede Dünya’ya gelen enerji, Türkiye’nin günlük enerji üretiminin 1700 katıdır. İlk başlarda ısınma amaçlı kullanılan Güneş’ten elektrik enerjisi üretimi, 1970’li yıllardan sonra hız kazanmıştır. Ancak Güneş santrallerinin kurulma maliyeti çok yüksek olduğu için Dünya genelinde yeterince yaygınlaşmamıştır. Güneşli gün sayısının fazla olduğu ülkelerde Güneş enerjisinden daha fazla yararlanılmaktadır. Günümüzde Güneş enerjisinden elektrik üreten ülkelerin başında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Almanya ile Fransa gelmektedir (Fotoğraf 7.15).
Güneş enerjisinin kurulum maliyeti yüksek olmasına karşın, kurulduktan sonra sağladığı avantajlar oldukça fazladır. Doğrudan Güneş’in enerjisi kullanıldığı için çevreye zarar vermez ve ülkelerin enerjide dışa bağımlılıklarını azaltır.
Çoğunlukla fay hatlarını takip ederek yeryüzüne çıkan sıcak su ve su buharından oluşan jeotermal kaynaklar, başta elektrik üretimi olmak üzere, konut, sera ve tesislerin ısıtılmasında, endüstriyel uygulamalarda ve termal turizmde kullanılmaktadır. Jeotermal kaynakların Dünya genelinde enerji üretimindeki payı 2013 yılı verilerine göre %0,4’tür. Jeotermal kaynaklardan en çok enerji elde eden ülkeler Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Yeni Zelanda, Japonya ve İzlanda’dır. Hatta İzlanda, yıllık elektrik enerjisi üretiminin %27’sini jeotermal kaynaklardan sağlamaktadır (Fotoğraf 7.16).
Jeotermal kaynaklar çevre dostu olması ve dışa bağımlılığı azaltması gibi birçok avantaja sahiptir. Ancak bazı jeotermal kaynakların yapılarında bulunan hidrojen sülfür, birtakım çevre sorunlarına neden olabilmektedir.
Okyanus ve deniz sularının temel iki hareketi olan dalga ve gelgit, içlerinde büyük bir enerjiyi de barındırır. Bu kaynaklardan yararlanarak iki faklı yolla enerji elde edilir. İlki, dalgaların dairesel hareketlerinden yararlanarak dalga türbinlerinin hareket ettirilmesi, ikincisi ise gelgit olayında özellikle denizin geri çekilmesi esnasında ortaya çıkan yüksek debiden faydalanarak türbinlerin hareket ettirilmesidir (Fotoğraf 7.17).
Dalga ve gelgite ait enerji teknolojileri, Güneş ve rüzgâr enerjisiyle kıyaslandığında nispeten yeni ve henüz tam olarak yararlanılamayan enerji türleridir. Bu enerjinin geliştirilmesi maliyetli bir iş olduğundan, yakın gelecekte Dünya enerji üretimindeki paylarının artması beklenmemektedir. Günümüzde gelgit ve dalga enerjisinden elektrik üreten ülkelerin başında Fransa, Birleşik Krallık ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri gelmektedir.
Okyanus sularının hareketlerinin yanı sıra okyanusun kendisi de bir enerji kaynağıdır. Okyanusu kullanarak enerji üretmede temel amaç, derin okyanus sularıyla Güneş’in ısıttığı yüzey suyu arasındaki sıcaklık farkını kullanarak elektrik üretmektir. Henüz çok yeni olan bu teknolojinin Dünya enerji üretimindeki payı henüz çok azdır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Japonya, Çin ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri bu yönde en fazla çalışma ve yatırım yapan ülkelerdir.
Biyokütle, fosilleşmemiş organik maddeler için kullanılan bir terimdir. Biyokütleden sağlanan enerjiye ise biyoenerji adı verilir. Özellikle bitkilerden elde edilen madde, farklı kimyasallara, yakıta ve enerjiye dönüştürülebilir. Bazı tür bitkiler ise sanayide etkin bir biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin tohum, şeker ve sebze yağı karışımından elde edilmiş biyoyakıtların kullanıldığı otomobiller son yıllarda gittikçe artmaktadır.
Organik atık ve artıkların oksijensiz bir ortamda fermante edilmesi sonucu üretilen gaz karışımına ise biyogaz adı verilir. Bu yolla, organik maddelerin %60 kadarı biyogaza dönüştürülebilmektedir. Metan ve karbondioksit bileşenlerine sahip olan biyogaz, 50-60 yıl içerisinde rezervlerinin tükenmesi beklenen doğal gazın en önemli alternatifi olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Biyokütle yenilenebilir, her yerde yetiştirilebilen, sosyoekonomik gelişme sağlayan, çevre dostu, elektrik üretilebilen, taşıtlar için yakıt elde edilebilen bir enerji kaynağıdır. Günümüzde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri biyokütleden enerji üretiminde ilk sıralarda yer almaktadır (Fotoğraf 7.18).
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