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Türkiye'nin Enerji Kaynakları - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Türkiye’nin enerji üretiminde en fazla kullanılan enerji kaynakları yenilenemeyen enerji kaynaklarıdır. Bunlar içerisinde en büyük pay ise linyit kömürüne aittir (Fotoğraf 4.19). Linyit, III. Jeolojik zamanda fosilleşme sonucu oluşan organik bir kayaçtır. Türkiye’de III. Jeolojik zaman arazileri geniş alanlarda görülür. Bu nedenle ülkemizde linyit rezervleri çok zengindir. 2014 yılı MTA verilerine göre linyit rezervimiz 13,3 milyar ton civarındadır. Ancak bu rezervin %40 kadarı işletilmektedir. İşletilmeye değer yataklarımızdan çıkartılan linyit, özellikle termik santrallerde elektrik enerjisi üretmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu termik santrallerin başlıcaları Afşin-Elbistan, Soma, Tunçbilek, Yatağan ve Çayırhan Termik Santralleridir. Termik santrallerin, linyit yataklarının bulunduğu yerlerin yakınında kurulmasının ne gibi faydaları vardır? Arkadaşlarınızla tartışınız. Türkiye’nin enerji üretiminin %3,2’sini karşılayan taş kömürünün tamamına yakını Ereğli-Zonguldak havzasında bulunur (Fotoğraf 4.20). Toplam taş kömürü rezervimiz ise 1,1 milyar ton civarındadır. Linyit kömürüne göre enerji değeri çok daha yüksek olan taş kömürü elektrik üretiminden ziyade, demir-çelik fabrikalarında demirin eritilmesi için yüksek sıcaklıktaki fırınlarda kullanılır. Türkiye’nin taş kömürü rezervleri tüketimimizi karşılayamadığı için ülkemiz taş kömürü dış alımı yapmaktadır.
Ülkemiz enerji üretiminin %7,8’ini karşılayan petrol rezervlerimiz ise yaklaşık 296 milyon varildir ve bu rezervin büyük çoğunluğu Güneydoğu Anadolu’da bulunmaktadır. Yer altında sıvı hâlde bulunan ve fosilleşme sonucu oluşan petrol, başta kimya ve petrokimya olmak üzere birçok sanayi kolunun ham maddesidir. Petrol rezervlerimizin miktarı, ülkemizin ihtiyacını karşılamaktan çok uzaktır. Türkiye, petrol ihtiyacının yaklaşık %90’ını diğer ülkelerden sağlamaktadır. Ülkemizde 1954 yılında petrol arama ve çıkartma işlemleri için Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı kurulmuş ve aynı yıl Batman’daki Raman Dağı’nda ilk petrolümüz çıkartılmıştır. Türkiye’de çıkartılan ya da ülkemizin ham olarak satın aldığı petrolün bir kısmı İzmit, İzmir, Kırıkkale ve Batman’da bulunan petrol rafinerilerinde işlenmektedir. Mersin rafinerisi ise 2004 yılında kapatılmış olup, dolum tesisi olarak hizmet vermektedir. Ülkemizde sona eren Kerkük-Yumurtalık petrol boru hattı ile Bakü- Tiflis-Ceyhan petrol boru hatlarından, Irak ve Azerbaycan petrolleri dünya pazarına sunulmaktadır.
Ülkemiz zengin doğal gaz rezervlerine sahip olmadığı için, Türkiye’de çıkarılan doğal gaz ülkemiz enerji üretiminin %1,9’unu karşılamaktadır. Türkiye’nin doğal gaz rezervleri oldukça az olup bu rezerv elektrik üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Hamitabad (Kırklareli) Termik Santrali, Trakya’da çıkartılan doğal gazı kullanarak elektrik üretmektedir. Türkiye’nin doğal gaz gereksinimi büyük oranda çevre ülkelerden sağlanmaktadır.
Uranyum ve toryum, radyoaktif atomlardır ve bu atomların parçalanması sonucunda nükleer enerji elde edilir. Günümüzde gelişmiş ülkelerin önemli bir kısmı enerji ihtiyacını nükleer santrallerle sağlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin toryum rezervi 380 bin, uranyum rezervi ise 90 bin ton civarında olmasına rağmen ülkemizde nükleer santral bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle de bu atomlardan henüz enerji üretilememektedir. Türkiye’nin nükleer santral kurma çalışmaları son yıllarda hız kazanmıştır.
Ülkemizin enerji üretiminde yenilenebilen enerji kaynaklarının payı artmaktadır. Bunlar içerisinde en büyük pay ise hidrolik enerjiye aittir. Bu enerji grubu içerisinde yer alan doğal kaynaklar ise akarsular, dalga ve gelgit olayıdır. Ülkemizde gelgit genliği çok düşük olduğu için bu deniz hareketinden enerji üretilmemektedir. Dalga hareketlerinden elektrik enerjisi üreten santraller de ülkemizde bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkemiz enerji üretiminin %21,8’ini sağlayan hidrolik enerji sadece akarsulara aittir. Akarsulardan enerji üretimi, akarsular üzerine kurulan barajlar ve hidroelektrik santralleri ile sağlanır (Fotoğraf 4.21). Türkiye, hidroelektrik enerji üretimi için son derece uygun bir ülkedir. Ancak yine de bu potansiyelin henüz yarıya yakını kullanılmaktadır.
Dünya’nın en önemli yaşam kaynağı olan Güneş’in, bir enerji kaynağı olarak kullanımı hem Dünya’da hem de Türkiye’de giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Güneş santrallerinde depolanan enerjinin kullanılmasına dayalı olan güneş enerjisi, özellikle güney bölgelerimizde yaygındır. Güneşli gün sayısının fazla olduğu bu bölgelerde ısıtma, sıcak su elde etme ve seracılık gibi alanlarda güneş enerjisi kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin enerji üretiminde güneş enerjisinin payı %2,3 dolayındadır. Bu değerin artırılması için yapılan çalışmalar devam etmektedir.
Türkiye’nin faylı arazi yapısı, ülkemizin zengin bir jeotermal potansiyele sahip olmasını sağlamıştır. Bu potansiyelin büyük çoğunluğu ısınma amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Jeotermal kaynakların Türkiye enerji üretimindeki payı ise %4,6 kadardır. Ülkemizde kurulan birçok jeotermal santral, sıcak ve basınçlı su buharını kullanarak elektrik enerjisi üretmektedir. Bunların başlıcaları Sarayköy (Denizli) (Fotoğraf 4.22), Germencik (Aydın), Simav (Kütahya) ve Seferihisar (İzmir) jeotermal santralleridir.
Rüzgâr enerjisiyle çalışan rüzgâr santrallerinin Türkiye enerji üretimindeki payı ise sadece %1,1 dolayındadır. Ülkemiz rüzgâr potansiyeli açısından zengin bir ülke olmakla birlikte bu temiz enerji kaynağından yeterince yararlanamamaktadır. Türkiye’de rüzgâr gücünden elektrik enerjisi üreten ilk santral 1998 yılında Çeşme’de kurulmuştur (Fotoğraf 4.23).
Enerji kaynaklarından bir diğeri ise biyoenerjidir. Biyoenerji iki farklı şekilde elde edilir. Bunlardan ilki odun ve tezek gibi bitkisel ve hayvansal ürünlerin ya da artıkların doğrudan yakılmasıyla elde edilen enerjidir. 1960’lı yıllarda Türkiye’nin toplam birincil enerji üretiminde %41,5‘lik paya sahip olan odun ve %21,1’lik paya sahip olan tezek türü artıkların enerji üretiminde kullanımı günümüzde oldukça azalmıştır. 2013 yılı itibarıyla bu oran odun için %8,3’e, tezek ve diğer artıklar içinse %5’e gerilemiştir.
Dünya genelinde hızla yaygınlaşmaya başlayan, ülkemizde ise henüz çok yeni olan diğer bir biyoenerji uygulaması ise biyogaz ve biyodizel enerjileridir. Bitki ve hayvan artık ve kalıntılarının oksijensiz ortamda fermantasyonu sonucunda ortaya çıkan gaz karışımına biyogaz adı verilmektedir. Kolza, ayçiçeği ve soya gibi yağlı bitkilerden ya da hayvanlardan elde edilen yağın, katalizör yardımıyla yakıta dönüştürülmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan ürüne ise biyodizel denilmektedir. Türkiye’de yeni gelişmeye başlayan bu enerji kaynakları, 2013 yılı itibarıyla Türkiye enerji üretiminin %0,2’sini oluşturmaktadır.
Aşağıda yenilenemeyen enerji kaynaklarının Türkiye’de çıkartıldığı başlıca yerler verilmiştir.
Taş Kömürü: Ereğli-Zonguldak havzası
Linyit: Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş), Soma (Manisa), Seyitömer ve Tunçbilek (Kütahya), Yatağan ve Milas (Muğla), Çan (Çanakkale), Beypazarı ve Nallıhan (Ankara), Oltu ve Horasan (Erzurum), Dodurga (Çorum), Gölbaşı (Adıyaman), Saray (Tekirdağ)
Petrol: Raman ve Garzan (Batman), Adıyaman, Siirt
Doğal gaz: Hayrabolu (Tekirdağ), Hamitabat (Kırklareli), Çamurlu (Mardin)
Uranyum: Koçarlı (Aydın), Ayvacık (Çanakkale), Eşme (Uşak), Gördes (Manisa)
Toryum: Mihalıççık (Eskişehir)
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