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TÜRKİYE’DE NÜFUSLA İLGİLİ UYGULAMALAR - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren nüfusla ilgili olarak değişik politikalar belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’deki nüfus politikalarını iki döneme ayırarak inceleyebiliriz. Bunlar kalkınma planlarının uygulanmaya başlandığı dönem ve daha öncesini kapsar. Birinci dönem, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulduğu dönem ile 1965 yılına kadar olan süreci kapsamaktadır. Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında planlı bir nüfus politikası bulunmamakla birlikte bu dönemde nüfusun artmasıyla ilgili görüşler önem kazanmıştır.
Ülkenin yakın zamanda savaştan çıkmış olması, askerî açıdan ve iş gücü bakımından genç nüfusa ihtiyacı gerekli kılmıştır. Birinci dönemdeki nüfus politikalarıyla ilgili önemli uygulamalar; 1929’da beş ve daha fazla çocuğu olan ailelerin yol vergisinden muaf tutulması, 1930 yılında altı ve daha fazla çocuğu olan ailelere madalya verilmesidir. 1926 tarihli Türk Ceza Kanunu, isteyerek çocuk düşürmeyi ve düşürtmeyi suç saymış, 1936 yılında Kanun’un ilgili bölümünde yapılan değişikliklerle kısırlaştırma ve gebeliği önleyici bilgileri yayma da yasaklanmıştır. Doğumu önleyici araç ve gereçlerin satış ve ithalatının yasaklanması da bu süreçteki uygulamalardandır. Bu dönemde nüfusun artması, nüfus politikalarının ana hedefini oluşturmaktadır.
Birinci dönemdeki uygulamalardan biri de doğumevlerinin kurulması, ana ve çocuk sağlığına önem verilmesidir. Nüfus politikalarıyla ilgili olarak belirtilmesi gereken önemli noktalar; ölüm oranlarının düşürülmesi, sağlık koşullarının iyileştirilmesi, insan ömrünü uzatmaya ve daha sağlıklı yaşam sağlamaya yönelik çalışmalardır. Bu politikalar her dönemde devam etmiştir. Birinci dönemde ihtiyaca uygun olarak nüfus artış hızı yükselmiştir. İlk nüfus sayımının yapıldığı 1927’de nüfus 13.6 milyon iken 1965’te 31.3 milyonu bulmuştur. Buna göre 38 yılda nüfus %230 artmıştır. Bu dönemde; doğum oranının yüksek olması, tıptaki ilerlemelerle birlikte ölüm oranlarının azalması ve ortalama yaşam süresinin uzaması nüfus artışının başlıca nedenleri olmuştur.
Nüfus politikalarıyla ilgili olarak ikinci dönem olan planlı ekonomi döneminde, nüfusla ilgili yasal düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. 1965 yılında Nüfus Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü kurulmuş, 557 sayılı Nüfus Planlaması Kanunu’yla birlikte Türkiye, nüfus politikalarının netleştiği bir döneme girilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren her beş yıllık kalkınma planında yeni bir nüfus politikası belirlenmiştir. İkinci dönemin en belirgin özelliği, 1960 yılına kadar benimsenen nüfusun artması yönündeki görüşlerin terk edilerek “bireylerin istediği sayıda ve istediği zaman çocuk sahibi olmaları” gerektiğiyle ilgili görüşlerdir.
Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı’nda (1963-1967) belirlenenler, bundan sonraki nüfus politikalarının esasını oluşturmuştur. Nüfusun hızla artmasının millî gelirden kişi başına düşen payı azaltacağı kanısıyla nüfus artış hızının azaltılması benimsenmiştir.
Bu konuda alınan başlıca önlemler şunlardır: • Gebelik önleyici bilgilerin yayılmasını, gebelik önlemekte kullanılan araçların, ilaçların ithalatını ve satışını yasaklayan kanun hükümleri değiştirilmiştir.
• Sağlık hizmetlerinde çalışan personel (doktor, hemşire, ebe, hemşire yardımcısı, sağlık memuru) nüfus planlamasıyla ilgili bilgilendirilmiştir.
• Sağlık görevlileri gebeliği önleyici gerekli bilgiyi ve parasız dağıtımı söz konusu olan malzemeleri isteyenlere vermiştir.
• Mevcut olanaklardan yararlanarak nüfus planlaması eğitimi yapılmıştır.
• Gebeliği önlemeye yönelik araç ve ilaçların ucuza ithâlatı sağlanmış, yurt içinde üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve muhtaç olanlara parasız dağıtılması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yapılan yasal düzenleme ile sadece iki çocuğa kadar teşvik verilmiştir.
Söz konusu uygulamaların resmî, özel ve gönüllü kuruluşlarla iş birliği içinde gerçekleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Sonraki dönemde “nüfus planlaması” kavramı yerine “aile planlaması” kavramı kullanılmış, aile planlamasının ana ve çocuk sağlığından ayrılamayacağı görüşü benimsenmiştir. Bu dönemde nüfus politikalarıyla ilgili diğer bir önlem ise evlenme yaşının sınırlandırılması olmuştur. 1938 yılında çıkarılan bir yasayla evlenme yaşı erkeklerde 17, kadınlarda 15’e indirilmişti. Nüfus artış hızının azaltılması için önlemlerin alındığı ikinci dönemde ise kadın ve erkek için evlenme yaşı 18’e çıkarılmıştır.
Nüfus artışı ve şehirlere doğru göçün artması buralarda konut yetersizliği, plansız kentleşme, altyapı yetersizliği, işsizlik gibi birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Ayrıca doğal kaynakların aşırı derecede kullanılması, kalkınma hızının düşmesi, ihracatın azalması, ithalatın artması gibi sorunlar nüfus artışının fazla olmasının sonuçlarındandır. Bu sorunlar, ikinci dönem Türkiye nüfus politikalarının ana yönünü belirlemiştir. Buna göre ikinci dönemin genel politikası olarak nüfus artış hızının azaltılması ve nüfusun niteliklerinin iyileştirilmesi doğrultusunda uygulamalara önem verilmesi öncelik kazanmıştır. 10. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı’nda (2014-2018) nüfus politikaları günün koşulları ve gerekleri doğrultusunda değerlendirilmiştir.
Nüfusun niteliklerinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik politikalar benimsenmiştir. Bununla birlikte yeniden nüfusun artmasına yönelik görüşler hakim olmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca kadınların eğitim durumlarının yükseltilmesi, okuma yazma oranının artırılması, sosyal yardım kuruluşlarının yaygınlaştırılması ve iyileştirilmesi öngörülen çalışmalar olmuştur. Son dönemlerde nüfusla ilgili uygulamalardan biri de herkese birer vatandaşlık numarası verilmesi ve nüfus sayımlarında bilgisayarlı sisteme geçilmesi olmuştur. Bu sayede nüfusla ilgili olarak her zaman bilgi alınabilecek, mevcut durumla ilgili nüfus politikaları üretilebilecektir.
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