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Türkiye’de Görülen Başlıca Bitki Toplulukları - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Bitki toplulukları, daha önce de öğrendiğimiz gibi orman, çalı ve ot formasyonu olmak üzere üçe ayrılmaktadır. Türkiye’de yer alan orman, çalı ve ot formasyonlarının dağılışında en başta iklim olmak üzere yükselti, yer şekilleri, bakı gibi faktörler etkili olmuştur.
a) Orman FormasyonuOrmanlar, ağaçların örtü oluşturduğu alanlardır. Ülkemizdeki ağaçlar da yapraklarının özelliklerine göre iğne yapraklı ve geniş yapraklı olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılır. Bazı kesimlerde, geniş ve iğne yapraklı ağaçlar bir arada bulunarak karışık ormanları oluşturur. İğne yapraklı ağaçlar yıl boyunca yeşilliklerini korur. Geniş yapraklı ağaçlar ise kışın yaprağını döker.
Ülkemizin yaklaşık %29’u ormanlarla kaplı olup, bu ormanların büyük çoğunluğu kıyı kesimlerinde yer alır. Ülkemizdeki ormanların yaklaşık %25’i Karadeniz kıyısındaki Kuzey Anadolu Dağları’nda, %24’ü Akdeniz kıyısındaki Toros Dağları üzerinde yer alır (Garafik 6.8, Harita 6.13). Ayrıca sıcaklık ve yağış koşullarının uygun olduğu Ege, Marmara ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki dağlık alanlarda ormanlar önemli yer tutar. Akdeniz iklim kuşağında yer alan ülkemiz ormanlarının içindeki en yaygın ağaç türleri meşe ve kızılçamdır.
1. Karadeniz OrmanlarıKaradeniz ormanları, Türkiye’nin en yoğun orman alanını oluşturur. Ülkemizdeki 12.000 civarındaki bitki türünün yarısı, Kuzey Anadolu Dağları’nda yer alır. Yıldız Dağları’ndan Gürcistan sınırına kadar uzanan bu alanda orman formasyonu, özellikle dağların denize bakan yamaçlarında gelişmiştir. Karadeniz’de dağların denize dönük yamaçlarında, yağış ve sıcaklık koşullarına bağlı olarak, 0-1000 metre arasında geniş yapraklı ormanlar yer alır. Bu kuşağın en yaygın türleri; kayın, kestane, gürgen, ıhlamur ve kızılağaçtır. 1000-1500 metre arasında, geniş yapraklı ve iğne yapraklı ormanların bir arada yer aldığı karışık yapraklı ormanlar görülür. Bu kuşakta, geniş yapraklı ağaçlardan kayın; iğne yapraklılardan köknar ve sarıçam ağaçları bulunur (Fotoğraf 1, fotoğraf 2). Sıcaklığın azaldığı 1500-2000 metre arasında ise iğne yapraklı ormanlar yer alır. Bu kuşağın en yaygın türleri; sarıçam, karaçam, göknar ve ladin ağaçlarıdır.
2. Akdeniz OrmanlarıToros Dağları’nın denize bakan yamaçlarında ve Güney Ege’de, yağış ve sıcaklık koşullarına bağlı olarak Karadeniz ormanlarından daha farklı özelliklere sahip orman kuşakları yer alır. Toros Dağları’nın denize bakan yamaçlarında, yaz kuraklığına dayanıklı 500-1000 metre arasında meşe türleri ve kızılçamlar görülür (Fotoğraf 3). 1000-2100 metre arasında ise karaçam, ardıç ve katran gibi iğne yapraklı türler bulunur. İç kesimlere gidildikçe yağış azlığından dolayı ormanlar azalmaktadır.
3. Batı Anadolu OrmanlarıEge’nin güney kesimlerinde, Akdeniz ormanlarına benzer bir orman kuşağı yer alır. Ancak Kuzey Ege ve Güney Marmara’da, Karadeniz ormanları ile Akdeniz ormanları arasında geçiş özelliği taşıyan orman kuşakları yer almaktadır. Hem Karadeniz hem de Akdeniz orman kuşakları içinde yer alan kayın, karaçam, kızılçam, fıstık çamı ve meşe gibi türler görülür.
4. İç Kesimlerdeki OrmanlarÜlkemizde karasallıktan dolayı orman üst sınırının en fazla olduğu yer, 2800 metre ile Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’dir. İç Anadolu’da, Kuzey Anadolu ve Toroslar’da orman üst sınırı 2500 metrelere kadar çıkar. Bu bölgelerimizde, orman toplulukları gür olmasa da meşe, karaçam, sarıçam ve ardıç gibi türlerden oluşan orman kuşakları yer alır (Fotoğraf 6.27). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi ise orman bakımından en fakir bölgemizdir. Yer yer meşe toplulukları görülür.
b) Çalı FormasyonuÜlkemizde ormanların tahrip edilmesiyle birlikte çalı formasyonu ortaya çıktmıştır. Bu toplulukların en yaygın olduğu yerler; Akdeniz, Ege ve Güney Marmara’dır (Harita 6.14). Çalı topluluklarının en karakteristik örneği makidir. Ülkemizde maki dışında garig ve psödomaki çalı toplulukları görülmektedir.
Maki; Akdeniz ikliminin görüldüğü yerlerde, kızılçamların tahrip edildiği kıyı kuşağında geniş alanlar kaplayan, daima yeşil kalan, bodur ağaç ve çalılardan oluşan bitki örtüsüdür. Genellikle 1-3 m boyunda olan bu ağaç ve ağaççıkların yaprakları, kuraklığa dayanıklı olup kalın, sert, cilalı veya keçe gibi tüylüdür. Makiyi oluşturan başlıca bitkiler; yabani zeytin, mersin, keçiboynuzu, kermez meşesi, sandal, koca yemiş, defne, sakız, menengiç, zakkum, tesbih ve akçakesmedir. Sıcaklık ve yağış koşullarına bağlı olarak makiler; Marmara kıyılarında 300-400 m, Ege kıyılarında 500-600 m, Akdeniz kıyılarında 700-800 m yükseltiye kadar çıkabilmektedir (Fotoğraf 6.28). Akdeniz ve Ege kıyılarında makilerin tahrip edildiği, toprağın inceldiği alanlarda genellikle diz boyu yüksekliğinde, dikenli çalılardan oluşan bitki toplulukları görülür. Garig adı verilen bu bitkilerin başlıcaları; lavanta çiçeği, diken çalısı, süpürge çalısı, yasemin ve fundadır. Karadeniz kıyılarında da ormanların tahrip edildiği yerlerde çalı formasyonuna rastlanır. Bunlara yalancı maki (psödomaki) denir. Bunlar Karadeniz kıyısında 200-300 metre yüksekliğe kadar çıkabilmektedir. Karadeniz kıyısında görülen başlıca psödomaki türleri; yabani zeytin, kızılcık, yabani fındık ve defnedir.
c) Ot FormasyonuÜlkemizde görülen ot formasyonları; bozkır, dağ çayırları ve antropojen bozkırlarından oluşur (Harita 6.15).
Ülkemizde görülen en yaygın ot topluluğu bozkırdır. Ülkemizin iç kesimlerinde yer alan bozkırlar (stepler), 300-400 mm yağış alan, kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde ilkbahar yağışlarıyla yeşeren ve yaz kuraklığının etkisiyle sararan ot topluluklarıdır. İç Anadolu’da, Güneydoğu Anadolu’da ve yer yer Doğu Anadolu’da görülmektedir. Bozkırlarda görülen yaygın ot türleri; geven, koyun yumağı, üzerlik, çakır dikeni, yavşan otu, gelincik, sığır kuyruğu, kılıç otu, çayır üçgülü ve peygamber çiçeğidir.
Bozkırlar aynı zamanda yurdumuzun tahıl tarımı yapılan yerleridir. Tahıl tarımı yapılmayan yerlerde ise küçükbaş hayvancılık gelişmiştir. Ülkemizin önemli bir bölümünde bozkırlar yer alır. Fakat bu alanların hepsi doğal bozkır değildir. İç kesimlerde, insanlar tarafından ormanların tahrip edilmesiyle oluşan bozkır alanları da vardır. Bunlara antropojen bozkır adı verilir. Eskiden buralarda orman olduğunu kanıtlayan en tipik örnek, Yozgat çamlığıdır. Ergene Havzası ile Anadolu’nun iç ve doğu kesimlerinde antropojen bozkır alanlar geniş yer kaplar.
Ülkemizin sıcaklık ve yağış koşullarına bağlı olarak, orman üst sınırından sonra yetişen ot ve çiçek topluluğuna dağ çayırları denir (Fotoğraf 6.31). Ülkemizde dağ çayırları; Karadeniz’de 1800 metreden sonra, Akdeniz’de 2000 metreden sonra, sıcaklığın az ve yaz yağışlarının olduğu Erzurum-Kars Platosu’nda görülür. Yaz aylarında yeşil olan çayırlar, kış aylarında kar altında kalır. Dağ çayırlarını oluşturan başlıca ot türleri; geven, yumak, tarla sarmaşığı, düğün çiçeği, sarı çiçekli orman gülü, mine, kar çiçekleri, kardelen, taşkıran, yıldız ve çayırdır. Çoğunluğu endemik ot ve çiçeklerden oluşan dağ çayırlarının olduğu alanlarda, arıcılık ve büyükbaş hayvancılık yapılır.
ç) Ülkemizdeki Bitki ÇeşitliliğiÜlkemizdeki bitki çeşitliliğin yakın komşularımıza göre daha fazla olduğunu belirtmiştik. Ülkemizde yaklaşık 12 bin bitki türü bulunmaktadır. Bitki çeşitliliğinin bu kadar fazla olmasının nedeni; iklim, yer şekilleri, yükselti, bakı, jeolojik yapı ve ülkemizin bulunduğu coğrafi konumdur.
Ülkemizde Mezozoik (2. zaman) ve Neozoik’te (3. zaman) oluşmuş, günümüzdeki iklim şartlarında yetişmesi mümkün olmayan ve relikt (kalıntı) diye adlandırılan bazı bitki türleri mevcuttur. Bulundukları coğrafyanın iklim ve topoğrafya özelliklerine uyum sağlayan ve doğal olarak sadece orada yayılış gösteren bitkilere endemik bitkiler denir. Ülkemizdeki bitkilerin yaklaşık üçte biri, dünyanın hiçbir yerinde görülmeyen endemik bitkilerdir. Ülkemizde endemik bitkiler, en çok Toros Dağları kuşağında bulunur. Köyceğiz Gölü çevresindeki sığla ağacı ve Göller Yöresi’ndeki kasnak meşesi, Yenice (Zonguldak) civarındaki ıstranca meşesi, Datça ve Teke yarımadalarındaki Datça hurması, Kazdağı’ndaki Kazdağı köknarı, Kastamonu ve Yozgat çevresindeki İspir meşesi, deve dikeni, çıplak turnagagası, sevgi çiçeği endemik bitkilere örnektir.
Anadolu, daha önce keşfedilmemiş endemik bitki türlerinin bulunduğu bir coğrafyadır. Ülkemizde son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, bugüne kadar bilinmeyen 130’dan fazla bitki türü tespit edilmiştir. Bazı endemik türler:
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