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Turizmin Önemi ve Etkileri - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla İnsanların yaşam koşullarının yükselmesiyle beraber dinlenmek, eğlenmek, bilgi ve görgüsünü artırmak için yurt içi veya yurt dışına yaptığı gezi faaliyetlerine turizm adı verilmektedir. İnsanları turizm faaliyetlerine yönelten faktörleri doğal ve beşerî faktörler olarak iki ana gruba ayırabiliriz. İklim koşulları, yer şekilleri veya doğal güzellikleri nedeniyle bir yerin ziyaret edilmesi, insanları turizm faaliyetlerine yönelten doğal faktörlerdir. Yaz, deniz, sağlık ve kış turizmi bu duruma örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Aile, dost veya akraba ziyareti, dinî, tarihî veya kültürel açıdan önemli olan şehir veya eserler, eğitim, öğretim, kongre veya iş toplantıları, sportif ve kültürel aktiviteler ise insanları turizm faaliyetlerine yönelten beşerî faktörler içerisinde yer alır.
Bireyler açısından turizm faaliyetleri; insanların rahatlaması, dinlenmesi, eğlenmesi veya öğrenmesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Ancak turizm sadece bireyler açısından değil, ülkeler açısından da son derece önemli bir ekonomik etkinliktir. Dünya üzerindeki birçok ülkenin en önemli gelir kaynağı turizmdir. Birçok ülkenin de millî geliri içerisinde turizm faaliyetleri önemli bir yer tutar. Bunun en önemli nedeni ise turistin gittiği bir ülkede yeme, içme ve konaklama gibi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için o ülkede para harcamasıdır. Turizm sektörüne “bacasız sanayi” denilmesinin nedenlerinden biri de budur. Turizm, dünya genelinde ekonomik etkilerinin yanı sıra politik, sosyal, kültürel ve ekolojik etkilere de sahiptir (Şema 5.4). Bu yönüyle de ülkeler arası etkileşimde son derece önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Şimdi de turizmin küresel etkilerini daha yakından tanıyalım.
a. Turizmin Ekonomik EtkileriTurizm, dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen ve dinamik ekonomik etkinliklerinden biridir. Bu durumun en önemli nedenlerinden biri de Grafik 5.1’de gösterildiği gibi farklı ülkeleri ziyaret eden turist sayısının 1996-2014 yılları arasında yaklaşık iki kat artarak 560 milyondan 1 milyar 133 milyona ulaşmış olmasıdır. Dünya Turizm Örgütünün (WTO) 2014 yılı verilerine göre bu sektör, dünyadaki toplam millî gelirin %9’unu oluşturmaktadır.
2014 yılı içerisinde farklı ülkeleri ziyaret eden 1 milyar 133 milyona yakın turist, gittikleri ülkelerin yaklaşık 1 trilyon 800 milyar dolar gelir elde etmesini sağlamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra tüm dünyada çalışan nüfusun yaklaşık %11’i turizm sektörüne bağlı iş kollarında istihdam edilmektedir.
Tüm ekonomik etkinliklerde olduğu gibi turizm sektöründen elde edilen gelirler de dünya genelinde dengeli bir dağılış göstermez. Grafik 5.2’de de gösterildiği gibi, en fazla turistin ziyaret ettiği bölge Avrupa Kıtası’dır. 2014 yılında bu kıtayı ziyaret eden turist sayısı 582 milyon kişi olup bu sayı toplam turist sayısının %51’ini oluşturmaktadır. Avrupa’yı Asya-Pasifik Bölgesi ile Amerika Kıtası izlemektedir. Turistlerin en az ziyaret ettiği bölge ise 51 milyon kişi ile Ortadoğu olmuştur.
Turizmden elde edilen gelir miktarında da Avrupa Kıtası ilk sırada yer almaktadır (Grafik 5.3). Ancak burada dikkati çeken en önemli farklılık, turistlerin %51’inin ziyaret ettiği bu kıtanın, turizm gelirlerinin %41’ine sahip olmasıdır. Buna karşılık Amerika ve Asya-Pasifik bölgelerinin turizm gelirleri içerisindeki payı artmaktadır.
Turizm sektörünü ülkeler düzeyinde inceleyecek olursak (Tablo 5.3) en fazla turistin Avrupa Kıtası ülkelerini ziyaret ettiklerini görürüz. Sıralamada en başta yer alan Fransa’yı 2014 yılında 83,7 milyon turist ziyaret etmiştir. Bu değer, Fransa’nın toplam nüfusundan 15 milyon daha fazladır. Benzer bir durum, üçüncü sıradaki İspanya için de geçerli olup bu ülkeyi ziyaret eden turist sayısı ülke toplam nüfusundan yaklaşık 14 milyon kişi daha fazladır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ise 74,8 milyon turist ile ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Bu sayı, ülke toplam nüfusunun yaklaşık beşte birine denktir. Çin’i ziyaret eden 55 milyon turist ise ülke nüfusunun ancak yirmi dörtte birine denk gelmektedir. Türkiye ise nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısı kadar turist ağırlayarak altıncı sırada yer almaktadır.
Turizm sektöründen elde edilen gelir ile turist başına gelir miktarı sıralamasında ise Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ilk sırada yer almaktadır (Tablo 5.4). Bu durumun nedeni, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni daha çok zengin turistlerin ziyaret etmesi ve bu ülkeye daha fazla döviz bırakmasıdır. Dünya’da en çok turistin ziyaret ettiği ülke olan Fransa’nın turizm gelirleri ise çok daha düşüktür. Bu durumun başlıca nedeni ise Fransa’ya gelen turistlerin önemli bir kısmının komşu ülkelerden Paris kentini ziyaret eden günübirlik ya da kısa süreli ziyaretçiler olmalarıdır. Bu durum, Fransa’da turizm gelirlerini etkileyen bir faktördür.
Tablo 5.4 incelendiğinde dikkati çeken bir diğer nokta ise Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Çin’de turizm gelirlerinin millî gelir içindeki payının çok düşük olduğudur. Bu durumun nedeni ise bu iki ülkenin toplam millî gelirleri ile sanayi, ticaret ve finans sektörünün millî gelirdeki paylarının çok yüksek olmasıdır. Ekonomik açıdan kalkınmış Almanya, İngiltere ve Fransa gibi ülkelerde de benzer bir durum söz konusudur. Ekonomik açıdan kalkınmakta olan ülkelerde ise turizmin millî gelir içindeki payı %10-15 düzeyine kadar çıkabilmektedir. Dünya genelinde en fazla turistin ziyaret ettiği altıncı ülke olan Türkiye, elde ettiği turizm geliri bakımından on ikinci sırada yer alır.
Bazı ülkelerde turizm, temel ekonomik faaliyetlerden biridir. Özellikle Pasifik Okyanusu ile Karayip Denizi’nde yer alan küçük ada ülkelerinde bu durum çok belirgindir.
b. Turizmin Politik EtkileriÜlkelerin birbirini tanıması ve ülkeler arası ilişkilerin güçlenmesinde turizmin önemli bir rolü vardır. İnsanlar, yurt dışına yapacakları turistik bir gezi için daha çok sosyal, ekonomik ve politik ilişkileri güçlü olan ülkeleri tercih ederler. Hatta bazı ülkeler arasında politik ilişkiler öylesine kuvvetlidir ki bir ülkeden diğer ülkelere geçişlerde vize uygulanmaz. Bazı ülkeler ise daha çok turist çekebilmek için turistik vize uygulamasını hayata geçirmiş ve ülkelerine yapılacak ziyaretleri daha cazip hâle getirmiştir.
c. Turizmin Sosyal ve Kültürel EtkileriTurizm etkinlikleri, insanların farklı ülkeleri ve kültürleri tanımasını sağlayan sosyal bir olaydır. Her turist gittiği yeri etkilemekte ve gittiği yerden etkilenmektedir. Böylece farklı toplumlar ve kültürler arasındaki bağlar güçlenmektedir. Toplumların birbirini tanıması için düzenlenen fuarlar, panayırlar, karnavallar ve festivaller her yıl binlerce insanı başka ülkeleri görmeye ve tanımaya teşvik etmektedir (Fotoğraf 5.2).
Turizmin bir diğer kültürel etkisi ise yoğun bir biçimde yabancı turist çeken ülkeler ve bölgelerde yaşayan yerel halkı, İngilizce ve Fransızca gibi küresel dilleri öğrenmeye teşvik etmesidir. Turizmin olumsuz etkilerini en aza indirmek isteyen ülkeler doğal, kültürel ve tarihî değerlerini korumak için çeşitli önlemler almaktadır. Ekoturizmin geliştirilmesini, doğa koruma alanları ve millî parkların oluşturulmasını buna örnek olarak gösterebiliriz. Doğal, kültürel ve tarihî değerlerin korunması bazen uluslararası boyutlara bile ulaşmaktadır. Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından Dünya Ortak Doğal ve Kültürel Miras Alanları belirlenmekte, ekonomik açıdan kalkınmamış ülkelere bu alanları koruması için destek sağlanmaktadır. Küresel ve çevreci bir örgüt olan Greenpeace (Gırinpiys-Yeşil Barış) Örgütü ise çevreye verilen zararlara karşı mücadele etmektedir.
ç. Turizmin Ekolojik EtkileriTuristik faaliyetler ile çevre sürekli bir etkileşim içerisindedir. Bir bölgede turizmin gelişmesi her şeyden önce çevreye verilen önemle gerçekleşir. Doğal kaynakların yok edildiği, doğal çevrenin kirletildiği bir ortamda turizmin gelişmesi beklenebilir mi? İşte bu nedenle turizme önem veren ülkeler, aynı zamanda doğal çevrelerini korumaya da büyük bir özen göstermelidirler. Ancak dünya üzerindeki tüm ülkelerin bu özeni gösterdiklerinden söz edemeyiz. Turistik açıdan gelişmiş bir bölgede gelişigüzel inşa edilen havalimanları, marinalar ve oteller ilk etapta kârlı gibi gözükse de zamanla doğayı kirletmekte ve o bölgenin turizmine büyük zararlar vermektedir (Fotoğraf 5.3).
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