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Klimatolojik, Meteorolojik Kökenli Ekstrem Olaylar - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla a. Sıcaklıkta Ekstrem Durumlar (Aşırı sıcaklar, Aşırı soğuklar) İklim elemanlarından olan sıcaklığın doğal sistemler içinde çok önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bitkiler ve diğer canlıların yaşam koşulları, kayaçların ufalanması ve toprak oluşumu sıcaklık koşullarından doğrudan etkilenirler.
Sıcaklığın çok yüksek ve çok düşük olduğu yerler yaşamaya elverişli olmayan alanlardır. Bu bölgeler aynı zamanda bitki ve hayvan türleri bakımından da fakirdir.
Yeryüzündeki en yüksek sıcaklıklar, dönenceler çevresindeki tropikal çöllerde yaşanmaktadır. Yeryüzünde bugüne kadar ölçülmüş en yüksek sıcaklık El-Azizia’da (Libya) 58 °C’tur. Güneş ışınlarının düşme açısına göre en düşük sıcaklıklar ise kutuplarda yaşanır. Güney Kutup bölgesindeki sıcaklık değerleri yükseklik ve karasallıktan dolayı Kuzey Kutbu’na göre daha düşüktür. Yeryüzünde ölçülmüş en düşük sıcaklık Vostok’ta (Antarktika) – 89,2 °C olarak kaydedilmiştir.
Yeryüzündeki günlük sıcaklık değerlerinin en az değiştiği yerler, nem oranı sürekli yüksek olan Ekvator çevresidir. Nem oranının az olduğu çöllerde ise günlük sıcaklık farklarının çok yüksek olduğu görülmektedir.
Yıllık sıcaklık değişiminin en fazla olduğu yerler orta kuşakta bulunan yerlerdir. Dört mevsimin belirgin olarak yaşandığı orta kuşakta yaz ve kış arasındaki sıcaklık farkları çok yüksektir. Örneğin Sibirya’nın doğusunda yer alan Verhoyansk’ta yıllık sıcaklık farkı 64°C’u bulmaktadır. Verhoyansk’ta ocak ayı sıcaklık ortalaması –49°C, temmuz ayı ortalaması ise 15°C’tur (1.1.Grafik).
Burada ölçülmüş en düşük sıcaklık 1892 yılında kaydedilmiş olan –67,8°C’tur. Aynı yerde ölçülmüş en yüksek sıcaklık ise 36,6°C’tur. Yeryüzünde yıllık sıcaklık farklarının en az olduğu yerler ise nemin fazla olduğu Ekvatoral bölgedir. Bu bölgede yıllık sıcaklık farkı birkaç dereceyi geçmez.
İnsan vücudunun sıcaklığı 36,5°C ile 37°C arasında değişmektedir. Bu sıcaklığın üzerinde ve altındaki sıcaklıklar insanlar için hayati tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle bazı dönemlerde sıcaklıkların aşırı düşmesi çok sayıda insanın yaşamını yitirmesine yol açmıştır. Örneğin 2001 yılı kış mevsiminde Rusya’da 100 kişi aşırı soğuktan yaşamını yitirmiştir. Ülkemizde de 1929 ve 1954 yıllarında İstanbul Boğazı’ndaki deniz suyu aşırı soğuk nedeniyle iki kez donmuştur.
İnsanlar, hayvanlar ve bitkiler aşırı soğuklarda dondan aşırı sıcaklarda ise bünyelerinin beklenmeyen hava koşullarına uyum sağlayamamasından dolayı zarar görmektedirler.
Bir yerde o güne kadar görülmeyen veya çok seyrek görülen sıcak ve soğukların yaşanması başta insanlar olmak üzere bütün canlıları olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Çünkü her canlının sıcaklık, nem, rüzgâr gibi pek çok atmosferik olaya karşı mutlaka fizyolojik bir tepkisi vardır. Örneğin yaşanan aşırı sıcaklarda insanlar güneş çarpmasına maruz kalmakta, aşırı soğuklarda ise donarak yaşamlarını kaybedebilmektedir. Genellikle insanların yaşamlarını rahat sürdürebilmeleri için ortalama hava sıcaklığı 17°C ile 31°C arasında olmalıdır.
Bir yerde aşırı sıcak veya soğuk havanın uzun bir süre devam etmesi kuraklık nedenlerinden biridir. Bu sürenin uzaması kuraklığın şiddetini arttırmaktadır. Dönenceler çevresi ile kutup bölgelerinde yaşanan devamlı kuraklık, o bölgelerdeki sıcaklık koşullarıyla ilişkilidir.
1977’de ve 2001’de ABD’nin büyük bir bölümünde yaşanan ekstrem kış koşulları, o güne kadar görülmeyen kuraklıkların yaşanmasına neden olmuştur.
Kuraklık sebebiyle insanların karşılaştığı sorunlardan biri de içme ve kullanma suyu sıkıntısının yaşanmasıdır. Ayrıca aşırı sıcaklıklara bağlı olarak büyük orman ve çalı yangınları da görülmektedir.
b. Rüzgârın Ekstrem Durumları (Şiddetli Rüzgârlar) Basınç farkı olan merkezler arasında yatay yönlü hava akımları rüzgâr olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Gözle görülmeyen ancak canlı ve cansız çevrede yaptığı olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerle anlaşılabilen rüzgârın belirli bir yönü ve hızı vardır. Rüzgârın hızı, taşınan kütlenin hareket hızıdır ve yatay yönde iki yer arasındaki basınç farkı ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Basınç farkı ne kadar fazla ise rüzgârın hızı da o derecede şiddetlidir. Fırtınalar, tropikal alçak basınç etkisiyle oluşan şiddetli rüzgârlardır. Bu rüzgârların hızı Hint Okyanusu’nda, Orta Amerika’daki Meksika Körfezi’nde ve Avustralya’da saatte 300 km’ye ulaşmaktadır. Bu rüzgârlar; Fırtına, hortum, tayfun, tornado gibi şiddetine ve oluştuğu yere göre farklı isimler almaktadır. Şiddetli rüzgârlar aşırı yağışların oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca dalgalar oluşmasına ve deniz seviyesinin yükselmesine neden olduğu için kıyılarda su baskınlarına da yol açmaktadır.
Her yıl dünyanın birçok yerinde, özellikle tropikal kuşakta (1.1.Harita) fırtına ve kasırgalar yaşanır.
Yeryüzünde Kasırgaların Görüldüğü Başlıca Alanlar Çok büyük çaplı ve şiddetli bir şekilde dönerek esen tropikal rüzgâr olan kasırgalar, ağaçları kökünden sökmekte, yerleşim alanlarını yerle bir etmektedir. Bu doğal afetler aynı zamanda yüksekliği 8 metreyi bulan dalgalar oluşturmakta, kıyılarda su baskınlarına neden olmaktadır.
Kasırgalar, Orta Amerika’da “Hurricane” (Harikan); ABD’nin güneyinde, Tornado ve Güneydoğu Asya’da “tayfun” olarak adlandırılır. Deniz seviyesinde birkaç metre yükselmelere neden olan bu doğal afet, kıyıların sular altında kalmasına neden olur. Örneğin 1900 yılında meydana gelen bir kasırga sonucu Teksas’ın Galveston (Gelvistın) şehrinin büyük bir kısmı sular altında kalmıştır.
c. Yağışta Ekstrem Durumlar (Aşırı Yağışlar ve Kuraklık) Yeryüzündeki su, yaşamın temel kaynaklarındandır. Su kütlelerinden buharlaşarak atmosfere geçen su buharının, sıcaklığın düşmesi sonucu yoğuşarak yağışa dönüştüğünü biliyorsunuz.
Yeryüzünde belirli zamanlarda aşırı yağış alan yerler bulunduğu gibi uzun süre yağış almayan yerler de bulunmaktadır. Yeryüzünün en fazla yağış alan yerleri; Ekvatoral bölge, orta kuşak karalarının batısı ve Güneydoğu Asya’dır. Buralarda sık sık sel ve su baskınları yaşanmaktadır.
Yağışın aniden başlaması, uzun süre devam etmesi ve çok olması durumunda olumsuzluklar yaşanır. Bu olumsuzlukların başında akarsu yataklarında taşkınların gerçekleşmesi ve yerleşim birimlerinde sel olayının yaşanması gelir.
Yeryüzünde her yıl çok sayıda sel olayı yaşanır.
Sel, çok değişik alanlarda (dere ve nehir yataklarında, dağlık alanlarda, şehirlerde ve kıyılarda) oluşabildiğinden neden olduğu zararlar sadece su baskınlarıyla sınırlı değildir. Hızla akan su kütlesi ile taşınan malzemeler çarptığı her şeyi, canlı ve cansız çevre ile kültürel çevreyi (insan, hayvan, bitki, yol, köprü, bina vb.) tamamen ya da kısmen tahrip eder. Bu nedenle can ve mal kayıplarına neden olabilir. Ayrıca tarım alanlarının ve tarım ürünlerinin zarar görmesine ve toprak örtüsünü verimsizleştirerek erozyona da neden olur.
Aşırı yağışların neden olduğu sel ve taşkınlar, kirli suların temiz sulara karışmasına ve salgın hastalıklara neden olmaktadır.
Yağışların kar, dolu ve yağmur olarak düşmesi de doğal süreçleri etkilemektedir. Aniden başlayan ve iri tanelerden oluşan dolu yağışı, bitki ve hayvanlar için hayati tehlike oluştururken can ve mal kayıplarına da neden olmaktadır. Bazı dönemlerde iri taneli dolu yağışlarından dolayı tarım alanları büyük oranda hasara uğramaktadır. Ayrıca sel ve taşkınlara neden olarak ulaşımı olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Örneğin Amerika’da 1970 yılında düşmüş olan doluların ağırlığı 750 gram olarak belirlenmiştir. 1986 yılında Bangladeş’te görülen en büyük dolunun ağırlığı ise 1 kg’dır.
Doğadaki ekstrem olaylardan biri de yağışın uzunca bir süre olmamasıdır. Bitkiler için hayati önem taşıyan suyun toprağa düşmemesi ve topraktaki suyun buharlaşmayla çok azalması kuraklık olarak ifade edilmektedir. Meteorolojik olaylardan biri olan kuraklık, yavaş gelişen ve etkisi uzun süren olaylardandır. Ayrıca kuraklığın tahmin edilmesi de zordur.
Kuraklığı belirlemek için bir yerdeki sıcaklık, yağış miktarı, yağış rejimi ile zemin özelliğine bağlı buharlaşma koşulları dikkate alınmalıdır. Kuraklık, yavaş gelişen tehlikeli bir meteorolojik olay olmasına rağmen insanlara ve çevreye en fazla zarar veren doğa olaylarındandır. Kuraklığın başlıca etkileri; tarımsal üretimin azalması, doğal bitki örtüsünün yok olması, orman yangınları, kıtlık, su seviyelerinde düşme, içme ve kullanma suyu sıkıntısı ile enerji üretiminin aksamasıdır. Ayrıca kuraklık, toprak oluşumunu olumsuz yönde etkiler; verimini de düşürür.
Sayılan bu etkiler uzun süre devam edebilir. Topraktaki su buharlaşmayla kaybolunca bitki örtüsü gelişememekte, toprakta yaşayan canlılar yok olmaktadır. Toprak yapısının değişmesi ve toprak erozyonu da kuraklığın olumsuz sonuçlarındandır.
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