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Enerji Güzergâhları ve Etkileri Nelerdir? - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Sanayileşmenin hızlanması ile fosil yakıtlara olan talep artmış ve onların taşınması için yeni ulaşım sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Petrol ve doğal gazın, kara yolu ile taşınması hem maliyetli olması hem de zaman alması nedeniyle bu kaynakların deniz yoluyla ve boru hatları ile taşınması gündeme gelmiştir.
Deniz Yolu ile Taşıma Dünya petrolünün taşınması için kullanılan deniz yolu güzergâhları stratejik ve ekonomik bir öneme sahiptir. Özellikle deniz aşırı ülkelere taşımacılık yaparken petrol tankerlerinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Kıyılara kadar ulaşan petrol buradan deniz tankerlerine yüklenerek ABD, Avrupa ve Uzak Doğu’ya taşınmaktadır. Petrol tankerlerinin dünya üzerinde izlediği güzergâhlar Hürmüz Boğazı, Malaka Boğazı, Süveyş Kanalı, Bab-ül Mendep Boğazı, İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları ile Panama Kanalı’dır.
Hürmüz Boğazı: Basra Körfezi ile Hint Okyanusu’nu birbirine bağlayan Hürmüz Boğazı; ABD, Japonya, AB ülkeleri, Çin ve diğer Asya-Pasifik ülkelerine ulaşır. Hürmüz Boğazı’nın stratejik konumu ve ekonomik öneminden dolayı ülkeler arası pek çok çatışmaya sahne olmuştur.
Malaka Boğazı: Hindistan, Endonezya ve Çin’i deniz yoluyla birbirine bağlayan boğazdan yılda ortalama 16 milyon varil ham petrol Japonya, Çin ve diğer Asya ülkelerine ulaşır. Deniz korsanları tarafından sık saldırıya uğrayan gemiler trafiğin aksamasına neden olmaktadır.
Süveyş Kanalı: Akdeniz’i Kızıldeniz’e bağlayan bu kanaldan yılda 5,5 milyon varil petrolün geçişi sağlanmaktadır. Suudi Arabistan, Körfez ülkeleri ve Asya Kıtası çıkışlı petroller bu kanal vasıtasıyla Amerika ve Avrupa’ya ulaşır.
Bab-ül Mendep Boğazı: Hint Okyanusu’nu Kızıldeniz’e bağlayan boğazdan yılda 5 milyon varil petrol geçerek Amerika ve Avrupa’ya ulaşır.
İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları: İstanbul Boğazı, Asya ile Avrupa kıtalarını birbirine bağlayan önemli noktadadır. Çanakkale Boğazı ise Karadeniz’deki ülkelerin Akdeniz’e ve oradan okyanuslara olan bağlantıyı sağlamaktadır. Hazar Denizi, Rusya ve Kazakistan petrollerinin Avrupa’ya taşınmasını sağlayan İstanbul Boğazı’ndan 2016 yılı verilerine göre günlük ortalama 2,4 milyon ton varil petrol taşınmıştır.
Panama Kanalı: Orta Amerika’da yer alan kanal Büyük Okyanus ile Atlas Okyanusu’nu birbirine bağlayan noktada bulunur. Kanal özellikle ABD için önemlidir çünkü Amerikan petrolünün ortak pazara açılan kapısı Panama Kanalı’dır. Bunun dışında ABD bu kanalın her iki kıyısını da askerî üs olarak kullanmaktadır.
Boru Hatları ile Taşıma Petrolün tankerlerle taşınması çevreyi olumsuz etkilemektedir. Tanker kazaları sonucu denizlere karışan petrolün uzun süre arınmadan kalması, çevreye büyük zarar vermektedir. Bu şekilde petrolün taşınmasının hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik açıdan olumsuz sonuçları olduğu için boru hatları ile taşınması zorunlu hâle gelmiştir. Doğal gazın taşınması petrole göre daha zor olduğundan taşıma işi boru hatlarından sağlanır.
Başlıca petrol boru hatları şöyledir:
• Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan (BTC) Boru Hattı • DPruzba Boru Hattı Sistemi • CC Boru Hattı • Hazar Havzası Alternatif Boru Hatları
Isınmanın yanı sıra elektrik üretiminde de kullanılan doğal gaz, ülkelerin ekonomik büyümelerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Doğal gaz kaynağına sahip olmayan sanayileşmiş Avrupa ülkeleri bu kaynak için Rusya’ya bağımlıdır. Dünyadaki başlıca doğal gaz boru hatları şöyledir:
• Mavi Akım (Blue Stream) • Bakü-Tiflis-Erzurum (BTE) Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı • Yeşil Akım (Green Stream) • Langeled • Yamal-Avrupa 1 • Ukrayna Boru Hatları • Brotherhood • Soyu
Enerji Koridoru Türkiye Türkiye’nin üretici ve tüketici ülkeler arasındaki stratejik konumu, Hazar ve Orta Doğu kaynaklarının dünya pazarlarına taşınması için güvenilir ve sürdürülebilir bir güzergâh olma imkânı sunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda on yılı aşkın bir süredir Türkiye, önemli adımlar atmış ve büyük ölçekli projelere gereken desteği vermiştir. Türkiye, enerji ticaret merkezi olma yolunda emin adımlarla ilerlemekte, ortak fayda sağlayacak, kazan-kazan ilişkisine dayalı her bir girişime katkı sağlamaktadır.
Özellikle son dönemde yaşanan gelişmeler, Türkiye’nin çok yönlü enerji politikaları ile sadece kendisinin değil aynı zamanda içinde yer aldığı bölgenin de enerji güvenliğine katkı sağlayan büyük adımlar attığını bir kez daha göstermiştir. 2000’li yıllardan itibaren Türkiye, küresel ölçekte yakından takip edilen projelere yaptığı katkılar geliştirdiği çok yönlü enerji politikaları ile Batı ve Doğu’yu buluşturarak bölgede güçlü bir aktör hâline gelmiştir. Petrol ve doğal gaz, dünyanın bu bölgesinde kuralları değiştiren ve değiştirmeye devam edecek olan bir role sahiptir.
Bu bağlamda Türkiye, kendisinin ve bölgesinin enerji güvenliğini arttırmaya yönelik çok yönlü enerji diplomasisini sürdürmeye devam etmektedir. Türkiye, çevresindeki hidrokarbon kaynaklarının istikrarlı ve güvenilir bir şekilde Türkiye’ye ve Türkiye üzerinden dünya pazarlarına ulaştırılması amacıyla ortaya çıkan projelere gereken desteği vermektedir. Türkiye’nin bugüne kadar hayata geçirdiği ve gündeminde bulunan projeler şunlardır:
• Irak-Türkiye Ham Petrol Boru Hattı • Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Ana İhraç Ham Petrol Boru Hattı • Trans-Anadolu Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı Projesi (TANAP) • Türk Akım Gaz Boru Hattı Projesi
Dünya üzerinde petrol ve doğal gazın çok büyük bir bölümü Hazar Bölgesi, Orta Doğu ve Rusya’da yer alır. Türkiye ise enerji kaynakları yönünden çok zengin olan bu coğrafyalara yakın olması ile jeostratejik bir önem kazanmaktadır. Petrol ve doğal gaz kaynaklarının bulunduğu Asya ve Orta Doğu ile bu kaynaklar için çok büyük bir pazar olan Avrupa kıtası arasında köprü görevi gören Türkiye, Doğu ile Batı arasında bir enerji koridoru olma yolundadır. Türkiye, küresel ölçekte enerji akışını gerçekleştirmek için birçok nakil hattı projesi ile kendi enerji güvenliğini sağlamaya yönelik önemli adımlar atmaktadır.
Türkiye’deki doğal gaz boru hatları ve projeleri şunlardır:
• Rusya -Türkiye Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı (Batı Hattı) • Mavi Akım Gaz Boru Hattı • Doğu Anadolu Doğal Gaz Ana İletim Hattı (İran – Türkiye) • Bakü-Tiflis-Erzurum Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı • Türkiye-Yunanistan Doğal Gaz Enterkonneksiyonu • Trans-Anadolu Doğal Gaz Boru Hattı Projesi • Türk Akım Gaz Boru Hattı Projesi
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