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Dünyada Nüfusun Dağılışını Etkileyen Etmenler Nelerdir? - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Dünya nüfusu geçmişten günümüze sürekli artarak değişim göstermiştir. Nüfus miktarındaki değişim dışında nüfusun dünya üzerindeki dağılımı da aynı kalmamış, zaman içinde değişmiştir.
Nüfus yeryüzüne eşit ve dengeli dağılmamış, kıtalara ve ülkelere göre farklılık göstermiştir. Nüfusun dünya üzerindeki dağılışının farklı olmasında doğal, beşerî ve ekonomik faktörler etkili olmuştur.
Doğal etmenler
İklim, su kaynakları, yer altı kaynakları, yer şekilleri, toprak özellikleri, kara-deniz dağılışları.
Beşerî ve ekonomik etmenler
Sanayi, tarih, yer altı kaynakları, ulaşım, turizm, siyaset.
Nüfus dağılışını etkileyen beşerî etmenlerin başında ekonomik etkinlikler yer almaktadır. Sanayi Devrimi’ne kadar olan sürede en önemli ekonomik etkinlik tarım olduğundan tarıma elverişli alanlar, yeryüzünün sık nüfuslu yerleriydi. Günümüzde de tarıma elverişli yerler sık nüfusludur. Sanayi Devrimi’nden sonra dünya genelinde sanayi merkezlerine doğru büyük bir göç dalgası başladı. Bu göç dalgası günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle dünya nüfusunun önemli bir kısmı sanayi merkezlerinin bulunduğu yerlerde toplanmıştır. Kuzey Amerika’nın doğusu, Batı Avrupa ve Doğu Asya bu nedenle yeryüzünün sık nüfuslu bölgelerindendir.
Nüfus dağılışını etkileyen etmenlerden biri de madenciliktir. Bir bölgede maden çıkarılmaya başlandıktan veya madeni işleyecek fabrika kurulduktan sonra o yerin nüfusu hızla artmaktadır. Örneğin Almanya’da Ruhr Bölgesi, kömür yataklarının yoğun olarak işlenmeye başlanması ve burada demir çelik sanayisi kurulmasından sonra hızla nüfuslanmış, Avrupa’nın en kalabalık yerlerinden biri olmuştur. Turizm de nüfus dağılışını etkileyen etmenlerdendir. Turizme elverişli olan yerler de turizm hizmeti veren kurum ve kuruluşlardan dolayı nüfuslanmaktadır. Bu tür yerlerin bir kısmı yılın belirli dönemlerinde turist akınına uğramaktadır. Özellikle Akdeniz kıyıları (İspanya, Fransa, Yunanistan ve Türkiye), yaz döneminde nüfusu artan ülkelerdendir.
Nüfus dağılışı bakımından yer şekilleri önemli bir etmendir. Dünya nüfusunun önemli bir kısmı engebenin az olduğu yerlerde yaşamaktadır. Engebenin çok olduğu yerler seyrek nüfusludur. Bu nedenle dağlık alanların önemli bir kısmında nüfus azdır. Engebenin yanı sıra yükseklik de önemli bir etmendir. Dünya nüfusunun büyük bir kısmı yüksekliği 500 metreden az alanlarda toplanmıştır. Bu nedenle Himalayalar, Kayalık ve And Dağları başta olmak üzere yüksekliği çok fazla olan dağlarda nüfus azdır.
İklim insanların yaşam koşullarını ve ekonomik etkinliklerini etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle dünya nüfusunun büyük bir kısmı, iklimin daha elverişli olduğu orta kuşakta yaşamaktadır. İklim koşullarının elverişli olmadığı Amazon ve Kongo havzaları, seyrek nüfuslu alanlardandır. Bu bölgede alçak yerlerde nem ve sıcaklığın fazla olmasından dolayı nüfusun önemli bir kısmı yüksekliği 2000 metreden fazla olan alanlarda toplanmıştır. Yağışın az olduğu çöl alanları da yeryüzünün seyrek nüfuslu bölgelerindendir. Bu nedenle Orta Asya’da yer alan Gobi, Tarım, Çungarya, Taklamakan çölleri; Arabistan Yarımadası, Güneydoğu Asya’da Tar, Kuzey Afrika’da Büyük Sahra, Güney Afrika’da Kalahari, Güney Amerika’da Atakama çölleri ile Kuzey Amerika’nın batısındaki çöl alanları yeryüzünün seyrek nüfuslu bölgeleridir.
Yaşam için hayati bir önem taşıyan su, nüfus dağılışında önemli bir etmendir. İlk yerleşmelerden günümüze kadar insanlar yaşamak için su kaynaklarının bulunduğu yerleri seçmişlerdir. Bu nedenle su kaynaklarının az olduğu yerlerde nüfus azdır.
Toprak yapısı ve otlaklar da nüfus dağılışını etkilemektedir. Tarıma elverişli topraklar ve gür otlakların bulunduğu meralar, tarım ve hayvancılıkla uğraşan topluluklar için elverişli alanlardır. Bu nedenle verimli tarım alanları ile hayvancılığa elverişli otlaklar insanların yaşadığı başlıca alanlardandır.
Dünyada Nüfus Dağılışı
Kıtalara göre nüfus dağılışı incelendiğinde dünya nüfusunun yarıdan fazlasının Asya kıtasında olduğu görülür. Dünyanın en fazla nüfusa sahip ilk 10 ülkesinden 7 tanesi bu kıtadadır. Özellikle Güneydoğu Asya, yeryüzünün en fazla nüfusa sahip bölgesidir. Çin ve Hindistan dünya nüfusunun 1/3’ünden fazlasını barındırmaktadır. Himalaya Dağları ve Orta Asya çölleri, seyrek nüfusludur.
Asya’dan sonra en fazla nüfusa sahip olan kıta Afrika’dır. Dünya nüfusunun %15’i bu kıtadadır. Afrika’da nüfusun büyük bir kısmı ekvatoral ve çöl iklimlerinin dışında kalan alanlarda toplanmıştır. Nijerya bu kıtada nüfusu en fazla olan ülkedir. Amerika kıtası, yeryüzündeki nüfusun %13’ünü barındırmaktadır. Bu kıtada nüfusun önemli bir kısmı sanayi, tarım ve ticaretin gelişmiş olduğu doğu kıyılarında toplanmıştır. Dağlık ve kurak alanların geniş yer kapladığı batı kesimi seyrek nüfusludur. ABD ve Brezilya bu kıtanın en kalabalık ülkeleridir.
Dünya nüfusunun %11’i Avrupa’da yaşamaktadır. Sanayi Devrimi’nin başladığı ve sanayileşmiş ülkelerin çok olduğu bu kıtada nüfusun büyük bir kısmı batıda toplanmıştır. Almanya, Fransa, İngiltere ve İtalya bu kıtada nüfusu en çok olan ülkelerdir. Büyük bir kısmı çöllerden oluşan Okyanusya kıtasında yaşayan nüfus, dünya nüfusunun %0,4’üdür. Bu kıtadaki nüfus daha çok doğu, güney ve kuzeyde toplanmıştır. Kıtada çöllerin geniş yer kapladığı batı kesimi ise seyrek nüfusludur. Antarktika Kıtası, buzullarla kaplı olduğundan burada yerleşik hayat yoktur. Bu kıtaya belirli dönemlerde araştırmalar yapmak için bilim insanları gitmektedir.
Dünya üzerinde nüfus, düzensiz bir dağılım gösterir. Bazı alanlar seyrek nüfuslu, bazı yerler ise yoğun nüfusludur. Yaşam şartlarının zor olduğu, ekonomik faaliyetlerin gelişemediği yerler; kimsenin yaşamadığı ya da nüfusun seyrek olduğu yerlerdir. Yüksek dağlar, kutuplar, çöller ve tropikal yağmur ormanları (Amazon ve Kongo havzaları) nüfusun az olduğu alanlara örnektir.
Dağlık alanlar; sıcaklığın düşük olması, tarıma elverişli olmaması, ulaşım zorluğu ve yerleşmeye uygun olmaması gibi nedenlerle az nüfuslu alanlardır.
Kutuplar, sıcaklık değerlerinin yıl boyunca 00C’nin altında olduğu buzla kaplı alanlardır. Doğal ortam şartları Güney Kutbu’nda yer alan Antarktika’yı sürekli yerleşim alanları dışında bırakır.
Kurak alanlar; insanların su ihtiyacını karşılayamadığı, nüfusun seyrek olduğu yerlerdir. Sahra Çölü, Atacama Çölü, Orta Asya çölleri ve Avustralya çöl bölgeleri insanların yaşamadığı veya çok az nüfusu olan alanlardır.
İklim, yer şekilleri, su kaynakları gibi doğal ortam şartlarının yerleşmeye elverişli olduğu ve ekonomik faaliyetlerin geliştiği bölgeler kalabalık nüfusa sahiptir. Doğu ve Güneydoğu Asya, Batı Avrupa, Orta Amerika’nın doğusu nüfusun yoğun olduğu alanlardır.
Tokyo (Japonya) 35 milyonun üzerindeki nüfusu ile dünyada en fazla nüfusa sahip olan kenttir.
Batı Avrupa; ortalama yükseltinin az olmasına, ılıman iklim özelliklerinin görülmesine ve ulaşım, sanayi gibi ekonomik faaliyetlerdeki gelişmişliğe bağlı olarak yerleşmeye uygun, yoğun nüfuslu bir bölgedir.
Şanghay (Çin) 24 milyon nüfusa sahiptir. Sanayi, ticaret ve liman özellikleriyle ekonomik bir merkez olarak kalabalık bir nüfusu barındırmaktadır.
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