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Doğal Kaynak Kullanımı ve Çevre Duyarlılığı - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Doğal kaynakların kullanımı esnasında çevreye zararı en aza indirmek için neler yapılabilir? Doğal kaynağı kullanırken aynı zamanda çevreyi korumak mümkün müdür? Akarsu, rüzgâr, dalga, gelgit gibi doğal kaynakların zaman zaman büyük afetlere neden olduğunu biliyoruz. Peki, bu doğal kaynakların neden olabileceği tehditlerden korunmaya çalışırken çevre duyarlılığını ön plana alamaz mıyız? Şimdi bu sorunun yanıtlarını farklı örnekler üzerinden bulmaya çalışalım.
a. Arkansas Nehri ve Taşkın Göletleri Missouri (Misuri), Mississippi, Arkansas, Ohio (Ohayo) ve Colorado (Kolorado) gibi çok büyük nehirlere sahip olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, sel ve taşkın afetlerinden tarih boyunca büyük zararlar görmüştür. Bu afetler sonucunda yollar ve köprüler yıkılmış, yerleşmelerin altyapısı büyük zarar görmüş, tarım alanları sular altında kalmış ve önemli can ve mal kayıpları yaşanmıştır (Fotoğraf 7.24).
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 1990’lı yılların başına kadar bu büyük nehirlerin neden olduğu felaketlerle yüzleşmek zorunda kaldı. Son olarak 1984 yılında Oklahoma eyaletinde meydana gelen taşkın felaketinin ardından ise bu felaketle mücadele edebilmek için köklü birtakım önlemler alınmaya başlandı. 1984 yılındaki taşkın afetinden büyük zarar gören Tulsa kenti pilot yerleşim olarak seçildi ve şehrin etrafındaki taşkın ovası boyunca bir dizi gölet oluşturulmasına karar verildi. (Fotoğraf 7.25).
Her biri, diğerinden seviye olarak daha aşağıda inşa edilen bu göletler, sel zamanında sularla dolması için kuru bırakıldı. Yine her bir gölet, yapay vadilerle bir ağ hâlinde birbirine bağlandı. Böylece bir gölet sel sularıyla dolduğunda, göletten taşan suyun vadiyi takip ederek diğer göleti doldurması sağlandı. Taşkın ovasında inşaat faaliyetleri ise çok sıkı bir biçimde denetlendi ve gereksiz yapıların yapılmasına izin verilmedi. Taşkın dışı zamanlarda gölet tabanları park ve spor sahaları olarak, göletleri birbirine bağlayan vadiler ise koşu parkuru olarak kullanılmaya başlandı.
Tulsa’da uygulanan bu model, 1990 sonrası taşkınlarda çok olumlu sonuçlar verdiği için önce eyalette, sonra da ülke çapında örnek bir model hâlini almıştır.
b. Kuzey Denizi, Hollanda Kumulları ve Polderler Dünyanın ekonomik açıdan kalkınmış ülkelerinden biri olan Hollanda, aynı zamanda kişi başına düşen millî gelir ile halkın refahı bakımından da dünyanın önde gelen ülkelerindendir. Hollanda’nın, bu refahını genel olarak denize ve aynı zamanda denize karşı sürdürülen mücadeleye borçlu olduğunu biliyor muydunuz? Peki, Hollanda nüfusunu oluşturan 16 milyondan fazla insanın yaklaşık yarısının deniz seviyesinin altında yaşadığını duymuş muydunuz?
Hollanda topraklarının yaklaşık %40’lık bir kesimi deniz seviyesinin altında, %20’lik bir kısmı ise deniz seviyesi düzeyindedir (Harita 7.2) Bu durumda, Hollandalılar sizce neden bu topraklarda kalmayı tercih ettiler? Elbette bu sorunun en önemli cevabı son derece verimli tarım topraklarıdır. Ayrıca Avrupa’nın en büyük ırmakları burada denize döküldüğü için Hollanda, stratejik bir konuma da sahiptir. Bu nedenle dünyanın en büyük limanı olan Rotterdam limanı “Avrupa’nın kapısı” olarak da adlandırılır. Hollanda, bu ekonomik refaha kendiliğinden ulaşmadı. Hollandalılar hem ülkenin içinden geçen ırmakların hem de Kuzey Denizi’nin sularından korunmak için 900 yıldır sürekli setler yapıyorlar. Yüzlerce kilometre uzunluğundaki bu setler sayesinde Hollanda, denizden ve ırmaklardan gelebilecek tehditlerden korunuyor.
Elbette ülkesini setlerle koruyan tek ülke Hollanda değil. Ancak başka hiçbir ülkede de setler bu derece hayati bir öneme sahip değildir. Bu durumu Hollandalılar şu şekilde özetler: “İsviçre halkının tümü, bir yıl süreyle ülke dışında tatile gitse geri döndüklerinde ülkeleri hâlâ yerinde duruyor olurdu. Biz bunu yapsaydık, geri döndüğümüzde ülkemizin yarısı yok olmuş olurdu!” Bugün milyonlarca Hollandalı deniz seviyesinin altında bir rakımda yaşayabiliyorsa, bu durum Hollanda halkının sürekli mücadelesi sayesindedir. Ülkelerini öncelikle Kuzey Denizi’nin fırtına dalgalarına ve gelgite karşı korumak isteyen Hollandalılar, işe kıyılarını bir set gibi çeviren kumullarını korumakla başladılar (Fotoğraf 7.26). Kumsallar ve kumullardan oluşan bu doğal bariyer, ülkeyi denizden koruyordu. Ancak bu bariyer dalga ve rüzgâr erozyonu yüzünden sürekli aşınıyordu. Bu kaybı telafi etmek için gemilerle deniz dibinden alınan kum, kumsalın aşınan kesimlerine boşaltıldı. 1970’ten beri ülkenin kumullarını sağlam tutmak için deniz dibinden 85 milyon metre küpten fazla kum taşındı.
Kumulların bakımıyla yetinmeyen Hollanda, 1932 yılında 32 kilometre uzunluğunda bir set inşa etti. Böylece bir körfez olan Zuiderzee (Züiderzi – Güney Denizi) bir göl hâline geldi. Tüm bu yapılanlar bile büyük felaketlerin yaşanmasını engelleyemedi. 1953 yılında Kuzey Denizi setleri aştı ve 2 bin kadar kişinin ölümüne neden oldu. Bu olayın ardından set yapımcıları çok daha büyük bir projeye giriştiler. Amaçları ülkenin güneybatı kesimindeki tüm deniz girintilerini kapatmaktı. Bu setlerin yanı sıra Hollandalılar “açık hava küveti” olarak da adlandırdıkları polderleri genişletip büyüttüler. Deniz seviyesinin altında bulunan, setlerle çevrili yeni kara parçaları olan polderlerdeki su seviyesi ise bilgisayar kontrollü pompalama istasyonlarıyla denetlendi. Günümüzde ismi Hollanda’yla özdeşleşen polderler hâlâ yaygın olarak kullanılıyor. Özellikle yağışlı dönemlerde nehirlerin fazla suları polder kanallarında biriktiriliyor ve gelgit alçalması esnasında sular Kuzey Denizi’ne pompalanıyor. 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren polderler sadece su küvetleri olarak değil aynı zamanda birer yerleşim yeri olarak da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (Fotoğraf 7.27).
Hollanda’da yaşamı tehdit eden tek doğal kaynak dalga ve gelgit değildir. Büyük nehirler de, neden olabileceği afetlerden dolayı önlem alınması gereken doğal kaynaklardan biridir. Kışın sonuna doğru İsviçre, Almanya ve Fransa’daki dağlardan eriyen kar sularını taşıyan büyük ırmaklar Hollanda topraklarına girer. Bu kadar büyük boyutlardaki su, ciddi sorunlara da yol açabilir. Örneğin, 1995’in şubat ayında ülkenin merkezindeki ırmaklar o kadar yükseldi ki su basıncı nedeniyle polder setlerinin çökmesinden korkuldu. Eğer setlerden biri çökseydi sular setlerin ardındaki araziyi tamamen kaplayabilirdi. Bu tehlikeye karşılık nehirlerini daha sağlam ve derin kanallar içerisine alan Hollanda, başta yerleşim ve ulaşım olmak üzere tüm sistemlerini bu kanallara göre planlamıştır (Fotoğraf 7.28).
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