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Atıklar Nasıl Sınıflandırılır? - Coğrafya Bilimi İçeriğe atla Belli bir amaç için kullanılan ve kullanım süresi dolduktan sonra ortam dışına atılan her türlü katı, sıvı ve gaz hâlindeki maddeye atık adı verilir.
Özellikle sanayileşme öncesi dönemlerdeki atıklar, ekosistemdeki doğal döngüler sayesinde birkaç yıl gibi bir zaman dilimi içerisinde yok edilebilmekteydi çünkü bu dönemdeki atıklar çoğunlukla bitkisel, hayvansal ya da toprak kökenli olup doğa tarafından kısa zamanda ayrıştırılabilen atıklardı. Ancak Dünya nüfusundaki ve sanayi atıklarındaki büyük artış, ekosistemin kendini temizleyebilme kapasitesini aşmış durumdadır.
Sanayileşme ile gündelik hayatımıza giren plastik, sentetik, lastik ve cam gibi atıkların doğa tarafından ayrıştırılması ise çok zordur. Örneğin, yediğiniz ve çöpe attığınız bir portakal kabuğu doğada yaklaşık olarak 6 ayda ayrışır. Bu süre piller için 100 yıl, plastik şişeler için 1000 yıl ve cam şişeler için 4000 yıldır.
Atıklar; katı, sıvı ve gaz hâlindeki atıklar olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılır (Şema 8.2).
Atıkların ve atıklardan kaynaklanan tehlikeli maddelerin litosfer, hidrosfer, atmosfer ve biyosferde birikmesi, küresel çevre sorunlarını ortaya çıkarmıştır.
a. Katı AtıklarGündelik hayatımızda en fazla çöpe attığımız ve en çok karşılaştığımız atık türü katı atıklardır. Katı atıklar da kendi içerisinde evsel, inşaat, endüstriyel, tehlikeli ve tıbbi atıklar olarak farklı gruplara ayrılır. Bu atıklar ciddi bir şekilde toplanmadığı veya geri dönüştürülmediği takdirde, çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından ciddi sorunlar oluşturur.
Gündelik yaşamda kullandığımız eşyaların ve tükettiğimiz gıdalara ait atıkların depolanması büyük kentlerdeki çöp sorununu ortaya çıkartmıştır. Bu çöplerin yok edilmesi maliyetli bir iştir. Bu nedenle özellikle geri kalmış ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çöpler tarla ve boş arazilere dökülmektedir (Fotoğraf 8.17). Bu tip alanlarda hem toprak hem de su kirliliği büyük boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Çöplerden sızan zararlı maddeler yer altı sularını kirletmekte ve su döngüsünü etkilemektedir. Çöplerde biriken metan gazı, hava kirliliği yaratmakta hatta bazen biriken gaz patlayarak çevre felaketlerine neden olmaktadır. İstanbul’da 1993 yılında Ümraniye’deki çöplükte bu tip bir patlama gerçekleşmiş, patlamanın etkisiyle yaşanan toprak kayması nedeniyle onlarca gecekondu toprak altında kalmış ve 29 kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir.
Uygun şekilde depolanmayan çöpler suların kirlenmesine, çeşitli böcek ve bakteri türlerinin üremesine, görüntü ve koku kirliliğine, zararlı virüslerin oluşumuna ve salgın hastalıklara neden olmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde ise evsel katı atıklarda geri dönüşüm oldukça önemlidir. Halk ve yerel yönetimlerin bu konudaki bilinçli tutumlarına merkezî hükûmetler de destek olmakta ve evsel atıkların yanı sıra plastik ve naylon atıkların önemli bir kısmı geri dönüştürülebilmektedir.
Tehlikeli, endüstriyel ve tıbbi atıkların biriktirilmesi ve depolanması ise çok daha büyük bir sorundur. Geri kalmış ülkelerde bu atıklar doğal çevreye ve insanlara çok büyük zararlar vermektedir. Gelişmiş ülkeler ise bu atıkları geri kalmış ülkelere satma yolunu seçmekte böylece kendi ülkelerinde bu tip atıkların birikmesini engellemektedir. Ancak geri kalmış ülkelerde biriken bu atıkların küresel ölçekteki zararları uzun vadede ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Katı atıklar içerisinde en tehlikeli olanlardan biri de radyoaktif atıklardır. Yaydıkları radyasyon nedeniyle ölümcül sonuçlar yaratan bu atıklar, 1980’li yılların ortalarına kadar özel bir alaşımla imal edilen metal bidonlar içerisine konulup okyanuslara boşaltılmıştır. Afrika açıklarında Atlas Okyanusu’nun orta kesimlerine denk gelen bu bölgedeki radyoaktif atık miktarı 1967 yılında 20 bin tonken, 1983 yılında 100 bin tona ulaşmıştır. Günümüzde radyoaktif atıklar yerin derinliklerine gömülmekte ve üzerleri radyasyonun ışımasını engelleyen kalın kurşun bloklarla örtülmektedir (Fotoğraf 8.18). Ancak tüm bu önlemler bile derinlerde oluşan toprak ve su kirliliğini tamamen engelleyememektedir.
b. Sıvı AtıklarSanayinin gelişmesiyle birlikte çevre kirliliğinden en çok etkilenen ortamlardan biri de hidrosfer olmuştur. Sanayi kuruluşlarının genellikle suya yakın yerlerde kurulması ve atıklarını denize, göle veya akarsulara boşaltması, tatlı ve tuzlu su kaynaklarının kirlenmesinin önemli nedenlerindendir. Sanayide kullanılan atık yağ ve sıvılar, yeterince arıtılmayan kanalizasyon suları, evsel atık yağlar, petrol ve türevi sıvı atıklar ile zehirli olan cıva atıkları sadece su ortamlarına değil toprağa, insana ve tüm diğer canlılara büyük zararlar vermektedir. Deniz kenarında kurulmuş olan büyük metropollerin her biri, günde milyonlarca litre kanalizasyon atığını koylar ve körfezlere boşaltmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde arıtma işlemlerine önem verilse bile kanalizasyon suyunun fiziksel ve kimyasal yapısında meydana gelen değişimler ekolojik dengeyi bozmaktadır. Petrol tankerlerinin yaptıkları kazaların sonucunda, petrol ve türevi sıvı atıklar deniz ve okyanus ortamına karışmaktadır (Fotoğraf 8.19). Bu maddeler, deniz ekosistemindeki canlılara da büyük zararlar vermektedir.
Sıvı atıklar, karıştıkları su ortamlarında bazı fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik değişikliklere yol açar. Fabrikalarda kullanılan atık suların sıcaklıkları çok yüksektir. Bu nedenle karıştıkları suyun sıcaklık değerini de yükseltir. Bu şekilde fiziksel yapısı değişen suyun oksijen miktarı azalır. Sıvı sanayi atıkları ile cıva ve petrol gibi tehlikeli atıkların suda birikmesi suyun kokusunu ve tadını yani kimyasal yapısını değiştirir. Tüm bunların sonucunda suyun biyolojik yapısı da bozulur ve o ortamda daha önce görülmeyen bazı bakteri, alg ve tüfler ürerken birçok yerli canlı türü yok olur.
Sıvı atıkların ekolojik dengeyi bozması besin zinciri yoluyla insanları da etkiler. Kimyasal yapısı bozulan bu suları kökleri aracılığıyla önce bitkiler bünyesine alırken bu kimyasallar diğer tüketicilere ve insanlara da ulaşır ve önemli sağlık sorunlarına neden olur.
c. Gaz AtıklarSanayi tesislerinin bacalarından çıkan gazlar, fosil yakıtların yakılmasıyla oluşan gazlar, yangınlar esnasında oluşan gazlar, egzoz gazları, klima ve soğutucularda kullanılan gazlar, çöplüklerden kaynaklanan metan gazı ve parfüm ile böcek ilacı gibi sprey gazları başlıca gaz atıklardır (Fotoğraf 8.20).
Gaz atıklar ilk etapta atmosferi kirletir. Fosil yakıtların yakılması ve metan gazı küresel ısınmaya, egzoz ve sprey gazları ise ozon tabakasının seyrelmesine neden olur. Sanayi tesislerinden kaynaklanan zararlı gazlar, asit yağmurları şeklinde yeryüzüne geri dönerek toprak, su ve canlı ortamlarına büyük zararlar verir.
Gaz atıklar insanlarda başta solunum, kalp ve damar yolu hastalıkları olmak üzere birçok ciddi rahatsızlıklara neden olmaktadır. Tarım alanlarındaki zararlılara karşı kullanılan başta DDT olmak üzere birçok zehirli bileşik, toprağa ve su kaynaklarına karışmakta ve sadece insanlara değil çevrede yaşayan tüm canlılara büyük zararlar vermektedir.
Atıklardan Korunma YöntemleriKatı, sıvı ve gaz hâlindeki atıklar çevreye ve insan sağlığına büyük zarar vermektedir. Ülkelerin teknoloji ve sanayiden vazgeçmeleri mümkün olmadığına göre bu atıklardan nasıl korunabiliriz? Çevremizi ve sağlığımızı koruyabilmek için bireysel ve toplumsal ne gibi önlemler almalıyız? Arkadaşlarınızla tartışınız.
Atıklardan korunmanın yolu bireysel önlemlerle başlar. Öncelikle kendimize ait çöpleri mutlaka çöp kutusuna atmalı, atmayanları uyarmalıyız. Geri dönüşüm özelliklerine bağlı olarak her atık aynı çöpe atılmamalıdır. Örneğin piller ve bataryaların evsel atıklarla aynı ortama atılması, bu atıkların içlerinde bulunan kimyasal zehirlerin toprağa ve bitkilere geçmesi anlamına gelir. Dünya genelindeki katı atıkların çoğu ambalaj, naylon, plastik, cam ve kartondan oluşur. Bu maddelerin doğadaki dönüşümü çok uzundur. Birçoğu petrol ve türevi maddelerden üretilen bu atıkları yakarak yok etmek ise zehirli gazları ortaya çıkarır. Bu nedenle bu tip atıkların da mutlaka geri dönüşüme kazandırılması gerekir. Alışverişlerimiz esnasında naylon poşetler yerine kese kâğıtlarını kullanmak bu bağlamda bireysel olarak alabileceğimiz önlemlerin başında gelir.
Evde kullandığımız kızartma yağlarının lavabolara dökülmesi çevreye büyük zararlar verir. Kanserojen maddeler içeren kızarmış yağlar suda çözünmez ve bu maddeler besin zinciri vasıtasıyla tekrar insanlar için tehlikeli hâle gelir. Bireysel olarak bizlere düşen görev, hayatımızın her alanında geri dönüşebilecek ürünleri seçmeye dikkat etmek ve bu ürünlerin atıklarını belediyelere ait plastik, cam veya karton geri dönüşüm kutularına atmaktır. Bu konuda arkadaşlarımızı, ailemizi ve akrabalarımızı bilinçlendirmek için neler yapmalıyız? Tartışınız. Katı, sıvı ve gaz hâlindeki atıkların çevreye fazla zarar vermeden depolanması ise yöneticilerin sorumluluğundadır. Bu amaçla çıkarılan yasalarla atıkların taşınması kontrol edilmeli, geri dönüşüm tesisleri kurulmalı, fabrika bacalarına filtreler takılmalı, kanalizasyon atıkları çok iyi bir şekilde arıtılmalı, radyoaktif ve zehirli atıklar sızdırma yapmayan varillerin içerisinde toprağın derinliklerine gömülmeli, fosil yakıtların yerine yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanılmalı, halk çevre koruma, atıklar ve geri dönüşüm konularında çok iyi bilgilendirilmelidir.
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